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"noaa.gov",
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{
"fact": "Water boils at a lower temperature at high altitude than at sea level.",
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},
{
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{
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}
],
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"position": "The boiling point of water decreases with altitude due to lower atmospheric pressure, which is a well-established physical principle.",
"scope_addressed": "The counter-narrative fully addresses the physical mechanism (lower atmospheric pressure) and the quantitative relationship (approximately 1°F per 500 feet).",
"scope_ignored": "None; the counter-narrative comprehensively covers the claim and its sub-claims.",
"narrow_frame_detected": false
},
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"dogmatism": {
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"contrarian_pattern": "No dogmatism detected; there is no significant contrarian position to this well-established fact."
},
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"landscape_verdict": "The claim that water boils at a lower temperature at high altitude than at sea level is overwhelmingly supported by empirical evidence and well-understood physical principles. The relationship between altitude, atmospheric pressure, and boiling point is quantitatively precise and universally accepted in the scientific community. There are no credible counter-positions or evidence gaps, and the epistemic landscape on this topic is robust and unambiguous."
},
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"reasoning": "The claim that water boils at a lower temperature at high altitude than at sea level is a well-established scientific fact, verified by numerous studies and widely accepted in the scientific community. It does not depart from existing knowledge or priors."
},
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"score": 100,
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},
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"consequential": "Confirms a fundamental physical principle with practical implications for cooking, engineering, and other applications."
},
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{
"component": "Water boils at a lower temperature at high altitude than at sea level.",
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"reasoning": "This is a fundamental and well-verified scientific fact with no extraordinary elements."
},
{
"component": "The boiling point of water decreases by approximately 1°F for every 500 feet of elevation gain.",
"role": "kernel",
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{
"component": "Lower atmospheric pressure is the physical cause for the lower boiling point.",
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"inverse_claim_test": "The negation (lower atmospheric pressure does not cause the lower boiling point) would be more extraordinary, as it contradicts the laws of thermodynamics.",
"reasoning": "This is the well-understood physical mechanism explaining the phenomenon."
}
],
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"source": "High Altitude Cooking | Food Safety and Inspection Service",
"text": "At sea level, water boils at 212 °F. With each 500-feet increase in elevation, the boiling point of water is lowered by just under 1 °F. At 7,500 feet, for example, water boils at about 198 °F.",
"url": "https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/food-safety-basics/high-altitude-cooking",
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"source": "Why Water Boils at Lower Temperature in High Altitude (The Science) - ArhFoundation.org",
"text": "Water boils at a lower temperature in high altitudes because the atmospheric pressure is significantly lower, allowing water molecules to escape into the air with less heat energy than at sea level. At sea level, water boils at 212°F (100°C), but for every 500-fo",
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"source": "High Altitude Cooking | Food Safety and Inspection Service",
"text": "At sea level, water boils at 212 °F. With each 500-feet increase in elevation, the boiling point of water is lowered by just under 1 °F. At 7,500 feet, for example, water boils at about 198 °F.",
"url": "https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/food-safety-basics/high-altitude-cooking",
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"source": "Does water’s boiling point change with altitude? Americans aren’t sure | Pew Research Center",
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"text": "Water boils at a lower temperature in high altitudes because the atmospheric pressure is significantly lower, allowing water molecules to escape into the air with less heat energy than at sea level. At sea level, water boils at 212°F (100°C), but for every 500-fo",
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{
"source": "Wikipedia: High-altitude cooking",
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"text": "on Earth varies with the altitude of the surface, so air pressure on mountains is usually lower than air pressure at sea level. Pressure varies smoothly",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure",
"authority": 0.5,
"channel": "wikipedia"
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{
"source": "Wikipedia: Effects of high altitude on humans",
"text": "ultimately, death. At an altitude of 19,000 m (63,000 ft), the atmospheric pressure is sufficiently low that water boils at the normal temperature of the human",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans",
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"channel": "wikipedia"
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{
"source": "Wikipedia: Armstrong limit",
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_limit",
"authority": 0.5,
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{
"source": "Wikipedia: Thermodynamic temperature",
"text": "variables: An altitude of 194 m above mean sea level (the world–wide median altitude of human habitation), an indoor temperature of 23 °C, a dew point of",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature",
"authority": 0.5,
"channel": "wikipedia"
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{
"source": "Impacts of High Altitude on Water’s Boiling Point",
"text": "The short answer? Water reaches its boiling point faster at higher altitudes because the lower atmospheric pressure reduces the temperature needed for water to boil. Water at sea level boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit; at 5,000 feet above sea ...",
"url": "https://mountainhouse.com/blogs/backpacking-hiking/effects-of-altitude-on-water-boiling-time",
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{
"source": "Wikipedia: Cocaine",
"text": "must be heated to a high temperature to be smoked (about 197 °C), and considerable decomposition/burning occurs at these high temperatures. This effectively",
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